We are working on algorithms to read pieces of English (word, sentence, turn, paragraph). (A turn is one person's reply in a dialogue--anything from one word to many paragraphs.) What does it mean to 'read' something? - List words? - Sentence structure? - Meaning? -- One of the things that makes this hard is that English is ambiguous, i.e. one sentence can have many meanings. Example: I MADE HER DUCK. a) I cooked waterfowl for her. b) I cooked waterfowl belonging to her. c) I created the (toy or sculpture?) duck she owns. d) I caused her to quickly lower her head or body. e) I turned her into waterfowl (using my magic wand?). -- Defeasibility: 1) We elected John president. 2) We elected John president but he never took office. What is the default meaning of 1)? When 1) is a substring of 2), how is it different? - Relationship to world knowledge What is the structure of the input anyway? - Just a list of words? - More than that? - Part-of-speech (POS) disambiguation - Word sense disambiguation